Filosofia e teologia in Duns Scoto Philosophy and theology in Duns Scotus
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Abstract
Esta contribución reconstruye, de acuerdo con el método histórico-filosófico y a la luz de los estudios más significativos, el escenario intelectual de finales del siglo XIII que precede inmediatamente a la consideración escotiana de la relación entre filosofía y teología, con referencia particular a Bonaventura, Tomás de Aquino y Enrique de Gante. Esta reconstrucción sirve para resaltar las tres figuras que pueden explicar la evolución de esta relación antes de Escoto y, por lo tanto, para percibir la novedad del pensamiento de Escoto que se analiza principalmente sobre la base de los comentarios de las sentiancias. Esta novedad consiste principalmente en la conceptualización de la contingencia sincrónica que sigue a la valoración de la libertad y la omnipotencia de Dios como un resultado importante de las condenas eclesiásticas anteriores. Esta conceptualización invierte el orden gnoseológico que los filósofos y teólogos inductivistas usan para conocer a Dios con el intelecto natural del hombre, y restaura el orden ontológico que procede de Dios al hombre. No es el hombre quien conoce a Dios, sino Dios quien se deja conocer libremente por el hombre. Así, Escoto elabora dos conceptos, el del ente unívoco y el de la esencia divina, para garantizar la libertad de Dios y el conocimiento del hombre al mismo tiempo.
Abstract: This contribution reconstructs, according to the historical-philosophical method and in the light of the most meaningful studies, the intellectual scenery of the last period of the thirteenth century, that immediately precedes Duns Scotus’ consideration of the relationship between the philosophy and the theology, with particular reference to Bonaventure, Thomas of Aquin and Henry of Ghent. This reconstruction serves to underline three figures able to explain the evolution of this relationship before Scotus and therefore to notice the novelty of Scotus’ though that is mainly analyzed from the comments to the Sentences. This novelty mainly consists in the formulation of the synchronic contingency that derives from the freedom and the omnipotence of God as important result of the preceding ecclesiastical sentences. This concept upsets the cognitive order that the philosophers and the inductive theologians use for knowing God with the natural intellect of the man, and it restores the ontological order that proceeds from God to the man. It is not the man to know God, but it is God to leave to freely be known by the man. This way Scotus elaborates two concepts, that of the univocal being and that of the divine essence, to assure at once the freedom of God and the knowledge of the man.
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